Canada

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function that affected about 753 million people globally in 2016. There are often no noticeable symptoms until it reaches later stages which makes early identification important for prevention. Diabetes mellitus is among the leading causes of chronic kidney disease worldwide, with an estimated 40\% of diabetic patients developing diabetic kidney disease. This project applies machine learning techniques to predict self-reported kidney disease risk in older diabetic individuals (ages 55+) using data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). I used survey- based variables such as blood pressure, glycohemoglobin, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and demographics to create a classification model. After preprocessing and engineering features related to age, blood pressure, and activity levels, I trained logistic regression and random forest classifiers to identify individuals at higher risk. The random forest model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.93, while the logistic regression model achieved an ROC AUC of 0.87. These results show that both models can effectively identify high-risk individuals. Feature importance analysis identified blood pressure, age, BMI, and diabetes status as leading predictors. This study demonstrates that machine learning can be used to improve early detection of CKD risk in aging diabetic populations.

Aging Powerfully: AI Blueprint for Chronic Disease Management and Social Determinants of Longevity

Early Detection of Kidney Disease in Aging Diabetic Populations Using Machine Learning

diabetes

kidney disease

machine learning

technical paper

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program - this program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. Presented research projects explore how generative AI is being applied to medication management, mental health screening, and chronic disease monitoring to align with the future of pharmacy practice.

2025 National Inter-University Health Data & AI Inquiry Program is a unique project-based inquiry and science communication program that brings together students from diverse academic backgrounds and research interests. 

Early detection of Alzheimer's disease and related neurological disorders is crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic approaches often require extensive clinical assessments, creating barriers to widespread screening in aging populations. This study aims to develop and evaluate machine learning models for predicting Alzheimer's disease and neurological disorders using reduced clinical questionnaires enhanced through Large Language Model (LLM) feature expansion techniques. We utilized the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) dataset and developed a novel two-stage approach: (1) a baseline model using preprocessed NACC data, and (2) an LLM-enhanced model that expands a reduced 36-question questionnaire into 106 feature fields through medical knowledge augmentation. Three custom neural network architectures were trained and evaluated for diagnostic accuracy. The baseline model achieved 93% accuracy on the preprocessed NACC dataset. The LLM-enhanced approach demonstrated superior performance with 94% accuracy, effectively reducing the clinical burden while maintaining diagnostic precision. LLM-assisted feature expansion represents a promising approach for early neurological disorder detection, enabling comprehensive assessment through simplified questionnaires while achieving superior diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional methods.

Enhancing Early Alzheimer’s Detection in Aging Populations Using Novel LLM-assisted Feature Expansion

The global rise in the elderly population is putting an increasing strain on healthcare systems, particularly due to the increased chance of chronic illness, polypharmacy, and healthcare utilization. The traditional one-size-fits-all treatment approach often fails to address the unique and evolving needs of older adults, leading to adverse drug reactions, diminished quality of life, and inefficient use of medical resources. This study investigated the potential of personalized medicine — augmented by artificial intelligence (AI) — to improve elderly care through data-driven, individualized treatment plans. By integrating data from electronic health records, genomics, wearable devices, and lifestyle factors, we developed AI-enhanced models capable of tailoring treatments to each patient’s specific profile. These models allow for real-time treatment adjustments, predictive risk assessments, and optimized drug regimens. Our findings suggest that AI-driven personalized care can reduce adverse outcomes, enhance clinical effectiveness, and support proactive, scalable, and patient-centered healthcare for aging populations.

Improving Prediction of ADR in Elderly Patients Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is a common type of dementia and is prevalent in aging populations. One hallmark of AD pathology is the hyperphosphorylation of tau, a microtubule-associated protein, which aggregates into neurofibrillary tangles that disrupt neuronal communication and trigger cell death. Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 4 (MARK4), a serine/threonine kinase, initiates this pathological tau phosphorylation at Ser262, making it a promising therapeutic target. This study aimed to identify and optimize small-molecule inhibitors of MARK4 to mitigate tau aggregation in AD. Combining artificial intelligence (AI) tools and computational drug discovery techniques was employed, including structural modeling, molecular docking (via 1-Click Docking), and pharmacokinetic screening (using SwissADME and the BOILED-Egg model). The MARK4 catalytic domain (PDB ID: 5ES1) was used for docking simulations, centered at the ATP-binding site. Starting with known inhibitors, we designed and evaluated novel drug candidates (DCs) based on their docking scores, ligand efficiency, blood-brain barrier permeability, gastrointestinal absorption, CYP450 inhibition, and synthetic accessibility. Among the tested molecules, five DCs (5b, 6b, 7a, 8a, and 8c) demonstrated high binding affinity (≤ -8.7 kcal/mol), favorable pharmacokinetics, and CNS-targeting potential. These candidates surpassed baseline inhibitors and met key criteria for drug-likeness and synthetic feasibility. Our findings support the potential of AI to accelerate AD therapeutic development and propose five promising compounds for future in vitro and in vivo testing. This research highlights MARK4 inhibition as a viable strategy to halt tau-driven neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease.

Inhibiting MARK4 to Prevent Tau Accumulation in Alzheimer's: A Docking Study 

National Inter-University Health Data and AI Inquiry Program Abstract: Strokes are a leading cause of mortality in Canada and long-term disability worldwide, occurring either through blockage of blood or rupture of blood vessels in the brain. The impact of strokes is expected to increase as global populations age. Although clinical risk factors are prioritized in stroke prediction, lifestyle behaviours and social determinants of health (SDOH) also play a crucial role. Prevention of stroke not only affects populations on a personal and societal level but may also reduce its impact on healthcare systems. This project aims to aid individuals in predicting stroke risk by utilizing machine learning and providing preventative measures as well as promoting healthier aging based on public Canadian health data. The model uses Random Forest Regression to replace empty values in the dataset with an approximation. It tests the accuracy by predicting existing crude rate data and comparing the approximations to the actual value. The model demonstrated accurate predictions for lower crude rate values, but struggled with extreme values due to limited data availability. Results showed statistically significant relationships between stroke and various modifiable factors (p < 0.05), including alcohol consumption, work stress, and physical activity. This project highlights the potential implementation of AI in primary stroke prevention using socioeconomic and behavioural data. In addition to clinical settings, this model can be applied on a larger scale in public health and insurance planning with further refinement and an expanded dataset.

Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Behavioural Risk Profiling for Early Stroke Prevention

Accurately detecting Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in its early stages is critical for intervention yet remains a persistent clinical challenge. Although volumetric MRI biomarkers like hippocampal atrophy are well-established, emerging research suggests that radiomic texture features may offer insights into neurodegeneration. This study investigates the relative predictive value of volumetric, demographic, and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based texture features for early AD classification using the OASIS-2 dataset. T1-weighted MRI scans and clinical metadata from 120 participants (48 demented, 72 nondemented, excluding converted) were analyzed. Radiomic features, including GLCM texture metrics and first-order statistics, were extracted from skull-stripped sagittal slices. Volumetric estimates were derived from brain masks, and demographic variables included age, sex, education, and socioeconomic status (SES). Multiple Random Forest classifiers were trained using combinations of feature groups. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using grid search with 5-fold cross-validation, and class imbalances were addressed by the utilization of Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE). The best performing model was the combination of volumetric and demographic features, achieving an accuracy of 79.2% and an AUC of 0.8430. GLCM texture features alone yielded lower predictive performance (accuracy: 57.5%, AUC: 0.5784) but provided marginal benefit when added to volume and demographic data (accuracy: 73.33%, AUC: 0.7935). Confusion matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses confirmed the superiority of multimodal models. However, texture features may have been limited by slice-based extraction and modest sample size. These findings support the clinical utility of integrating structural MRI with demographic profiling for scalable, non-invasive AD screening.

Machine Learning Driven Discovery of MRI-based Alzheimer’s Biomarkers

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA at specific sites, often affecting gene expression. These patterns can be influenced by genetic and environmental factors, including aging. Specific DNA methylation sites have been linked to various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and cancer, making them promising epigenetic biomarkers for age and disease prediction. This study aims to develop machine learning models to predict chronological age and classify Alzheimer’s disease using DNA methylation profiles derived from blood samples. Two datasets were made from publicly available studies: the age prediction dataset included 9 studies with a total of 4,303 samples (median age 54 years) and the Alzheimer’s disease dataset which included 2 studies comprising of 823 samples, 247 of whom were from individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s. The final age prediction model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.01 years and a median absolute error (MedAE) of 2.40 years. The Alzheimer’s classification model attained an accuracy of 79%, with a false positive rate of 13.9% and a false negative rate of 36.6%. Both models identified sites associated with relevant genes. The age model highlighted ELOVL2, FHL2, KLF14, and TRIM59, which are commonly associated with aging, while the Alzheimer’s model identified SCGN, FKBP5, GATA4, ORMDL3, IRF3, and SPIDR, all of which have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease in previous studies. These findings support the potential of DNA methylation as an epigenetic biomarker for both age and disease prediction.

Machine Learning Prediction of Age and Alzheimer’s Disease from DNA Methylation Profiles

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prominent form of dementia, accounting for 60–70% of all dementia cases. AD has many different risk factors, with the most prominent one being age - meaning it is a major concern for the aging population. In recent years, chatbots have become a popular and interactive form of software with the capability to perform certain actions. In the context of AD, chatbots can be leveraged to provide an accessible interface for machine learning classification models. This paper explores using Rasa, an open-source framework with natural language processing capabilities, as an interactive platform that can switch between machine learning models trained to classify different types of data based on identified intent. Two separate datasets were used to represent distinct diagnostic modalities: one with clinical and demographic risk factor data, and another containing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain images. A Random Forest Classifier achieved 95% accuracy and 0.96 area under the curve (AUC) on the tabular dataset, while a Convolutional Neural Network reached 96% accuracy on the MRI dataset, though performance varied by class, with lower AUC for the “Very_Mild_Dementia” class. The proposed chatbot interface facilitates intuitive use, supports model extensibility, and reduces the need for extensive software training among clinicians. This approach demonstrates that a chatbot-interfaced application can effectively reduce the technological knowledge required to leverage machine learning for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis.

Multimodal Machine Learning-Based Diagnosis Chatbot for Alzheimer’s Disease

Cognitive decline and dementia are increasing public health concerns among Canada’s aging population. Musical interaction has been a potential non-pharmacologic intervention to enhance cognitive and affective well-being. Its benefits may not be widely distributed to all groups, though. This research investigates the association between musical engagement and cognitive function, and social determinants among older Canadians using analysis of two national surveys: the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS – Healthy Aging) and the General Social Survey (GSS – Time Use, Cycle 29). Affordable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including multiple linear regression and k-means clustering, were employed to explore predictors of depression and musical engagement trends. Depression scores on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were approximated based on loneliness, income, education, race, and immigration status. Clustering pinpointed high depression groups with limited music access. GSS data illustrated differences in gender and income participation in music despite regression findings indicating poor predictive capability (R² ≈ 0.00). Loneliness was the strongest predictor of depression (coef = 0.36), and the model explained 34% of the variance (R² = 0.34). Findings indicate that racialized, low-income older adults are least likely to have music-based care. These findings identify that AI can uncover disparities and guide culturally responsive, community-based programming to promote equity in healthy aging.

Musical Engagement and Cognitive Risk: an Equity-Focused Analysis in Canadian Seniors

Across North America, elders face high rates of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, yet standard DASH guidelines lack the precision to accommodate age, sex, and comorbidity differences. We developed a linear‐programming engine that transforms DASH nutrient ranges into individualized meal plans for 18 geriatric cohorts (female/male × three age bands × three health statuses). Using an 8 × 49 food‐group incidence matrix and cohort‐specific lower/upper bounds drawn from NHLBI DASH targets, energy‐scaling factors, and disease caps, our model minimizes total slack across all constraints. Implemented in Python 3.11 with PuLP and the HiGHS dual‐simplex solver, it produced feasible menus for every cohort, with maximum deviation ≤ 0.3 servings per group. Key findings include robust compliance with fruit and vegetable targets, while grains and fats/oils bounds were most frequently binding—especially in oldest and hypercholesterolemic cohorts. A ±10 \% sensitivity test showed that modest bound adjustments markedly reduce average slack yet shift which groups become most challenging. Our approach demonstrates that precision nutrition via linear optimization can operationalize DASH into concrete, cohort‐tailored menus, offering a transparent, reproducible framework for personalized geriatric dietary planning.

Optimizing Geriatric DASH Diet with Linear Programming for Personalized Nutrition

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune joint disease and a major cause of disability globally, particularly impacting the elderly with premature immune aging and a reduced life expectancy of up to 10 years. Early diagnosis is critical to improving outcomes, yet current diagnostic methods rely on time-consuming and costly manual scoring of joint damage from X-ray images using the Sharp/van der Heijde (SvH) system, an indicator of disease severity. In this study, we present a deep learning pipeline utilizing the EfficientNet-b0 convolutional neural network (CNN) to automate RA classification from hand X-ray images, using binary classification of patients as either “Healthy” or “RA” based on a predefined Sharp/van der Heijde (SvH) score threshold. Our approach integrates a robust preprocessing pipeline (grayscale conversion, Gaussian denoising, CLAHE, and specialized normalization) and a two-phase transfer learning strategy for model training. On the testing dataset, the model achieved a test accuracy of 83.77%, RA precision of 80.00%, RA recall of 53.85%, AUC-ROC of 88.54%, specificity for the healthy class of 94.96%, and an RA F1-score of 64.37%. These results highlight the model’s potential to aid early RA diagnosis and serve as a foundation for AI-based diagnostic tools in aging populations, supporting timely intervention and improved longevity.

Early Detection of Kidney Disease in Aging Diabetic Populations Using Machine Learning

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